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# Karam Shaar Advisory LTD

## Sitemaps
[XML Sitemap](https://karamshaar.com/sitemap_index.xml): Includes all crawlable and indexable pages.

## Posts
- [NGOs in Syria: Sanctions Compliance Guide (FAQs)](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/ngos-in-syria-sanctions-compliance-guide-faqs/):   With the repeal of the Caesar Act (Dec 2025) and the shift from sectoral to targeted sanctions, the international legal landscape for investment, economic recovery, and aid in Syria has fundamentally changed. Key Changes: - US: Revocation of Syrian Sanctions Regulations. - EU/UK: Removal of most sectoral and economic restrictions. - Finance: Direct banking transfers are now permissible. Read the full guide.
- [Syria is Back on the Map, But is it Actually Open for Business?](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syria-is-back-on-the-map-but-is-it-actually-open-for-business/): Syria’s return to regional trade maps remains "at the margins." While transit flows have resumed, @BenjaminFeve
- [Syria’s Development Fund: A Rare Success Story](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-development-fund-a-rare-success-story/): One of the bright spots in Syria’s current government is the Development Fund.
- [Syria’s Terror List Status Stalls U.S. Investment](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-terror-list-status-stalls-u-s-investment/): Syria remains on the State Sponsor of Terrorism list nearly a year after President Trump pledged sanctions relief.
- [Intentions vs. Reality: Are Refugee Surveys Useful?](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/intentions-vs-reality-are-refugee-surveys-useful/): We've always known that refugees' intentions to return don't always translate to actual return over time.
- [Updating Syrian Securities Law for Global Standards](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/updating-syrian-securities-law-for-global-standards/): Is there work underway to amend the market’s legislative framework, particularly Law 55 of 2006?
- [Syria’s Aviation: Rebound Halted by Paralysis](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-aviation-rebound-halted-by-paralysis/): Before the conflict with Iran suspended all flights over the past 40 days, the sector had reached a 6-year high, recording 1.6 million passengers and 11,700 flights across Damascus and Aleppo in 2025.
- [Statistical Chaos in Syria and Its Consequences](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/statistical-chaos-in-syria-and-its-consequences/): As of today, we still don't know Syria’s GDP, unemployment rate, and several other basic indicators. These are not numbers you can improvise. They require official surveys that have not yet been carried out, for reasons that are, in many cases, understandable.
- [Syria’s Gas Map: From Vision to Reality](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-gas-map-from-vision-to-reality/): Once central to Qatari, Iranian, and Iraqi pipeline plans, Syria’s role is being redefined by revived routes and new flows.
- [The Paradox of Syrian Bank Capital](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/the-paradox-of-syrian-bank-capital/): High capital adequacy ratios in Syrian banks may not reflect true financial resilience.
- [Syria’s FATF Progress and Global Banking Ties](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-fatf-progress-and-global-banking-ties/):   Syria’s efforts to exit the FATF “grey list” could prove pivotal for restoring global banking ties. Could meeting international anti-money laundering standards be the missing key to unlocking Syria’s frozen banking sector? Read the full analysis.
- [Transit hub or just transit state?](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/transit-hub-or-just-transit-state/): Post-Assad Syria aspires to become a gas hub shaping routes and prices, yet current dynamics, foreign-financed projects, imported gas via Türkiye and Jordan, and rising competition from Eastern Mediterranean exporters risk leaving it as a mere transit state, not a true hub.
- [Syrian Private Banks: Financing Potential and Limits](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/can-syrias-private-banks-actually-shoulder-the-burden-of-financing-economic-development/):   Can Syria’s private banks actually shoulder the burden of financing economic development? We look at a surprising fact: the total capital of all private banks in Syria combined is no more than that of a single regional bank in Jordan or Tunisia. Is this capital base enough to support the economy, or is it too small for the challenges ahead? Read the full analysis.
- [900 individuals pursued and $800M recovered in a single settlement.](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/900-individuals-pursued-and-800m-recovered-in-a-single-settlement/):   Syria’s Illicit Gain Combating Commission is fast-tracking asset recovery through "negotiated settlements" rather than lengthy court procedures. But as the Voluntary Disclosure Program approaches its May 2026 deadline: Will the committee evolve into a permanent anti-corruption institution, or remain a temporary and opaque recovery mechanism? Read the full analysis.
- [Syria’s Oversight Realignment: Reform or Centralized Control?](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-oversight-realignment-reform-or-centralized-control/):   Most of Syria’s supervisory bodies now report directly to the Presidency, bypassing the traditional role of the Prime Minister. Does the current restructuring aim to streamline administration, or is it designed to consolidate oversight authority within the executive center? Full Analysis.
- [Will the gas cylinder last until tomorrow’s meal?](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/will-the-gas-cylinder-last-until-tomorrows-meal/):   To meet daily demand for 170,000 cylinders (1,700 tons), Syria now imports 93.5% of its cooking gas, with local production covering only 6.5%. This supply relies on a few sea tankers at Baniyas port and daily truck convoys from Jordan. Unlike the gas used in power plants, this kitchen-bound LPG-Liquefied Petroleum Gas follows a much more fragile supply chain, making household stability vulnerable to logistics disruptions or black-market price hikes. Subscribe to stay informed.
- [Syria’s Pipeline Repairs: Restoring Vital Oil Infrastructure](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-pipeline-repairs-restoring-vital-oil-infrastructure/): Hats off to the employees of the Syrian Petroleum Company for beginning the repair of the heavy crude oil pipeline that connects the Rmeilan fields in northeastern Syria to the Homs refinery and the port of Baniyas. The pipeline has been out of service for 15 years and has hundreds of faults along it.
- [Restoring Syria’s Pipelines through Local Efforts](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/restoring-syrias-pipelines-through-local-efforts/): Hats off to the employees of the Syrian Petroleum Company for beginning the repair of the heavy crude oil pipeline that connects the Rmeilan fields in northeastern Syria to the Homs refinery and the port of Baniyas. The pipeline has been out of service for 15 years and has hundreds of faults along it.
- [Syria’s sanctions landscape is shifting.](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-sanctions-landscape-is-shifting/): The UN delisted HTS, Washington may remove Syria from the State Sponsor of Terrorism list, and the EU and Canada are revising their sanctions frameworks.
- [The Strategic Risks of Arab Gas Pipelines](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/the-strategic-risks-of-arab-gas-pipelines/): Whether the Syrian gas imported through the Arab Gas Pipeline is originally Israeli depends on your answer to the following question:
- [The Case for Reconciling Civil Bureaucrats](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/the-case-for-reconciling-civil-bureaucrats/): I disagree with the view that employees of civil institutions from the Assad era should automatically be excluded.
- [Syria’s Structural US Trade Barriers](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-structural-us-trade-barriers/): Even after the repeal of the Caesar Act, Syrian goods enter the US market at a 41% tariff disadvantage.
- [Nighttime light data show sustained growth across Syria in 2025.](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/nighttime-light-data-show-sustained-growth-across-syria-in-2025/): Did recovery become structural rather than seasonal after December 2024?
- [US Tariff Barriers Block Trade](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/us-tariff-barriers-block-trade/): Even after the repeal of the Caesar Act, Syrian goods enter the US market at a 41% tariff disadvantage.
- [Syria Reopens US Federal Account](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syria-reopens-us-federal-account/): Syria reopens its sovereign state account at the US Federal Reserve in New York
- [China’s Asset-Light Syria Economic Strategy](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/chinas-asset-light-syria-economic-strategy/): In our latest issue in Syria in Figures, we covered Syria-China economic relations following Assad's downfall:
- [UN Delisting of HTS Impact](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/un-delisting-of-hts-impact/): Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) has been delisted from the UN 1267 sanctions regime.
- [Reviving the Kirkuk–Baniyas Crude Pipeline](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/reviving-the-kirkuk-baniyas-crude-pipeline/): Syria plans to revive the Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline with Iraq, restoring Iraqi crude flows to the Mediterranean and redefining its role as a transit corridor.
- [Trade grew, but Beijing continues to cap its exposure.](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/trade-grew-but-beijing-continues-to-cap-its-exposure/): What explains China’s asset-light strategy in Syria’s transition?
- [The SAA: A Relic of the Past?](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/the-saa-a-relic-of-the-past/): The Syria Accountability Act (2003) targeted a reality that no longer exists: Lebanon: Complete withdrawal since 2005. Security: Syria is now the 90th member of the Global Coalition against ISIS. Verification: Full cooperation with OPCW and IAEA. As the Act's conditions are now met or obsolete, is a clean legislative repeal the next logical step for US policy? Full Analysis: 
- [Authorized trade continues to stall due to banking overcompliance](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/authorized-trade-continues-to-stall-due-to-banking-overcompliance/): Why does de-risking sever Syria from correspondent banking?
- [Syrian cities saw uneven nighttime light activity in 2025.](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrian-cities-saw-uneven-nighttime-light-activity-in-2025/): Why did some cities surge while others stalled or declined?
- [US Tariffs Impact Syrian Exports](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/us-tariffs-impact-syrian-exports/): Syrian exports face a 41% a supposed "reciprocal" tariff in the US.
- [Chinese Exports to Syria Surge](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/chinese-exports-to-syria-surge/): Chinese exports to Syria surged in the fourth quarter of 2025.
- [Navigating The Complexities of Sanctions on Syria](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/navigating-the-complexities-of-sanctions-on-syria/):     At Karam Shaar Advisory, our Sanctions Program helps humanitarian, civic, and policy actors navigate what sanctions relief means in practice through: Rigorous legal and technical analysis of US, EU, and UK sanctions. Strategic advisory support for NGOs and international stakeholders. Data-driven tools to manage compliance risks and enable effective engagement. We provide clear, actionable guidance for decision-makers operating in Syria's complex sanctions environment.  Stay informed:
- [China’s Cautious 2025 Syria Investment](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/chinas-cautious-2025-syria-investment/): China’s 2025 engagement in Syria was capital-light.
- [Syria’s 2025 Currency Stabilization Efforts](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-2025-currency-stabilization-efforts/): Facing rising exchange-rate volatility in 2025, Syria’s Central Bank turned to new policy tools.
- [Refugee Returns and Syrian Hope](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/refugee-returns-and-syrian-hope/): In just over one year, 41% of Syrian refugees in Jordan returned home.
- [Syria Sanctions Monitor: Issue 5 – January 2026 is now available!](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syria-sanctions-monitor-issue-5-january-2026-is-now-available/):     In this issue, we cover: - US sanctions over Raqqa fighting: Senator Lindsey Graham warns that continued clashes with the SDF in Raqqa could trigger renewed sanctions under the Save the Kurds Act. - Syria’s currency relaunch with Russian-printed banknotes: Damascus begins redenominating the Syrian pound with new notes printed by Russia’s sanctioned Goznak firm, raising potential sanctions risks. - New bill targeting post-Assad narcotics trade - Sanctioned tycoon Hamsho settles with authorities - Mastercard grants QNB a license in Syria, and more… Click here to read the full issue. Stay informed on the latest in Syria’s sanctions landscape.
- [Syrian government’s spending levels to triple](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrian-governments-spending-levels-to-triple/): Syrian Finance said that government spending will triple in 2026 compared to 2025. This substantial increase is further evidence of my claim that economic growth since the downfall of the regime has sharply exceeded the World Bank's estimate of just 1%. By how much? There are no statistics, but nighttime light activity speaks of a sharp recovery, as you can see in our latest issue of Syria in Figures. https://karamshaar.com/our-work/syria-in-figures/issues/16/
- [Assessing Syria’s Presidential Appointments](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/assessing-syrias-presidential-appointments/): Presidential appointments are a critical corrective mechanism.
- [Analyzing Market Volatility: Syria’s Short-Lived Optimism](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/analyzing-market-volatility-syrias-short-lived-optimism/): Political announcements triggered sharp but short-lived SYP appreciations.
- [Gender and Minority Underrepresentation in Assembly Elections](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/gender-and-minority-underrepresentation-in-assembly-elections/): Women and minorities are severely underrepresented in the new Assembly.
- [Syria’s 2025 Assembly: Gender Gaps](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-2025-assembly-gender-gaps/): Women and minorities are severely underrepresented in the new Assembly.
- [Evaluating Credibility in Syria’s New Projects](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/evaluating-credibility-in-syrias-new-projects/): The issue is not that some MoUs will fail, but that several were never credible to begin with.
- [Mapping Syria’s Substantial Housing Damage](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/mapping-syrias-substantial-housing-damage/):   An insightful map from the UN showing the spatial concentration of substantially damaged houses (more than 50% destroyed), rather than the typical breakdown seen in other reports, such as the World Bank (by governorate only). The map is based on 1,725 interviews.
- [Mapping Representation Gaps in New Government Appointments](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/mapping-representation-gaps-in-new-government-appointments/): Our mapping highlights significant gaps in the ethnic and gender representation.
- [Economic Decay Anchors the Syrian Pound](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/economic-decay-anchors-the-syrian-pound/): Economic fundamentals gradually pushed the SYP downward in 2025.
- [Syria’s 2026 Pound Exchange Outlook](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/syrias-2026-pound-exchange-outlook/): Compared to the period right before Assad's downfall, the Syrian pound has appreciated by over 15%. Our decomposition of the events and volatility, however, shows that political announcements repeatedly triggered sharp, optimism-driven appreciations in the SYP, followed by slow but persistent reversals driven by economic fundamentals. So what are the fundamentals at play and what do they tells us about the outlook for the pound in 2026? Read our latest in Syria in Figures.
- [Power and Policy: Syria’s Economic Crossroads](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/blog/power-and-policy-syrias-economic-crossroads/): One of the most worrying post-Assad developments is the concentration of economic power in the presidency.

## Pages
- [Reset Password](https://karamshaar.com/reset-password/)
- [My Profile](https://karamshaar.com/profile/)
- [Forgot Password](https://karamshaar.com/forgot-password/)
- [Register](https://karamshaar.com/register/)
- [Investor Guides](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/publications/investor-guides/): Download Full Package
- [Jobs](https://karamshaar.com/job-openings/)
- [Careers](https://karamshaar.com/careers/): Serious research. Global clients. Real-world impact.
- [Official and black market exchange rates tracker](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/official-and-black-market-exchange-rates/): Official and black market exchange rates in Syria Motivation and methodology
- [temporary-jaber](https://karamshaar.com/temporary-jaber-2/)
- [temporary-jaber](https://karamshaar.com/temporary-jaber/)
- [Land Cover Tracking Tool in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/land-cover-tracking-tool-in-syria/)
- [Methamphetamine map reconstructed version](https://karamshaar.com/new-methamphetamine-map-reconstructed-version-2025/)
- [DC Event on Sanctions](https://karamshaar.com/dc-event-on-sanctions/): Participant Details Form: Launch of the Sanctions Program
- [Protected: Read Aloud Test](https://karamshaar.com/read-aloud-test/): النص العربي الذي سيُقرأ بصوت عربي فصيح.
- [Syria sanctions bills](https://karamshaar.com/syria-sanctions-bills/)
- [Protected: Sanctions project-OSF Chatbot](https://karamshaar.com/sanctions-project-osf-chatbot/): This page is for testing purposes. You can try the chatbot by clicking the red chat icon at the bottom right of the page.
- [Test](https://karamshaar.com/test/)
- [Home](https://karamshaar.com/): Compare key market rates
- [Sanctions Program](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/sanctions-program/): We are currently working on a project called “A Multifaceted Approach to Easing and Coping with Sanctions on Syria”. This initiative aims to offer rigorous analysis and actionable recommendations to Syrian, European, American, and multilateral stakeholders, and to inform public opinion. A key concern is the “sanctions hangover”: the lingering uncertainty, reputational risk, and compliance fears that persist even after formal restrictions are removed. These effects threaten to undermine prospects for economic recovery. Through technical briefs, a monthly sanctions newsletter, legal aid, and direct advocacy, we aim to shape sanctions policy during a period of unprecedented fluidity. 
- [Protected: Methamphetamine](https://karamshaar.com/methamphetamine/): Methamphetamine
- [Karam Shaar](https://karamshaar.com/social-media-karam-shaar/): I'm a Syrian-Kiwi. I hold a PhD in Economics and work as the director of Karam Shaar Advisory Limited, where I focus on political economy research and business consulting related to Syria. I am also a Nonresident Senior Fellow at the New Lines Institute and the Chief Economic Consultant at the Resident Coordinator's Office of the UN in Damascus. I was previously a Senior Consultant at the World Bank, a Nonresident Scholar at the Middle East Institute, a Senior Analyst at the New Zealand Treasury, and a Senior Lecturer on Middle East Politics at Massey University.
- [About us](https://karamshaar.com/about-us/): Karam Shaar Advisory is a New Zealand-based limited-liability consulting company. We focus on Syria’s economy, covering topics ranging from macroeconomics, monetary economics, energy, aid, conflict economics, actor mapping, and sanctions. Our services are tailored to meet the needs of international organizations, governments, NGOs, and the private sector. Led by Dr. Karam Shaar, who has over a decade of experience in the field, the stellar team has in-depth and unparalleled knowledge of the Syrian context, with skills ranging from economic research to data analysis, field assessment, KYC, OSINT, programming, and AI-driven analytics. We know how to inform decision-making and produce quality research recognized and published by world-leading think tanks and media outlets. With a team spanning Syria, Türkiye, Lebanon, New Zealand, the United States, France, and Germany, we never lose the connection to the ground and know first-hand the needs of those trying to empower Syrians abroad.
- [HussamA l-Muheimed](https://karamshaar.com/hussama-l-muheimed/): I am a field researcher specializing in monitoring and analyzing the activities of companies, non-profit organizations, associations, and political parties. With extensive experience in data collection, analysis, and the preparation of objective reports, I contribute to advancing development initiatives and fostering positive change.
- [Vittorio Maresca di Serracapriola](https://karamshaar.com/vittorio-maresca-di-serracapriola/): I am an Economic Analyst with experience in international finance and economic policy. For the past two years, I have been based in Beirut, navigating Lebanon’s economic freefall while leading projects on IMF funding, banking sector reform, and illicit finance—often under tight deadlines and shifting political realities. My work has since expanded to Syria, where I focus on international sanctions and their role in shaping the country’s economic recovery.
- [Benjamin Fève](https://karamshaar.com/benjamin-f%c3%a8ve/): I lead the development of the monthly publication “Syria in Figures,” ensuring timely and high-quality reporting and editing. Additionally, I contribute to various research projects focused on Syria’s economy and politics. Prior to my current role, I spent three years with The Syria Report, where I gained a profound understanding of Syria’s political economy. I also collaborate with Lebanese organizations Triangle and The Badil, focusing on issues related to Lebanon.
- [Amin Qurabi](https://karamshaar.com/amin-qurabi/): As the linchpin of the company's day-to-day operations, I bring a unique blend of technical expertise and creative vision to fast-paced environments. I thrive on juggling multiple tasks and deadlines, ensuring everything runs smoothly. My Certified Assistant in Economics certification enhances my analytical skills, making me a valuable asset to the team.
- [Sancations Dashboard Feedback](https://karamshaar.com/sancations-dashboard-feedback/): Karam Shaar, Ammar al-Nakeeb
- [Protected: Search Engine for People Tried in Syrian Terrorism Court](https://karamshaar.com/syrian-errorism-cases-court-search-engine/)
- [Syria in Figures](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/syria-in-figures/): Syria in Figures explains Syria’s economy through data, visuals, and concise analysis. It helps policymakers, researchers, businesses, and practitioners follow the developments that matter. 
- [Syrian Interim Government](https://karamshaar.com/syrian-interim-government-2/)
- [issues](https://karamshaar.com/our-work/syria-in-figures/issues/): View all issues
- [Reporting](https://karamshaar.com/reporting/)
- [Survey Page](https://karamshaar.com/survey-page/): Experts Survey of the possible Turkish operation in Northern Syria
- [Country of sanctioned individuals](https://karamshaar.com/country-of-sanctioned-individuals/): Country of sanctioned individuals
- [SNC feedback form](https://karamshaar.com/snc-feedback-form-2/): SNC feedback form

## Events
- [State-Building by Decree](https://karamshaar.com/events/state-building-by-decree/): Report Launch Event
- [A Spotlight on the Syrian Economy](https://karamshaar.com/events/stability-support-unit-a-spotlight-on-the-syrian-economy/): Dialogue Session
- [The Economic Identity in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-economic-identity-in-syria/): Dialogue Session
- [The Syria Investor Guides](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-syria-investor-guides/): Panel discussion
- [Syria Private Sector Dialogue Conference](https://karamshaar.com/events/syria-private-sector-dialogue-conference/): Conference
- [The Political Economy of the Four Seas Initiative](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-political-economy-of-the-four-seas-initiative/): Panel discussion
- [Authorized to Rebuild? Who Governs Reconstruction in Conflict-Affected States in 2026](https://karamshaar.com/events/authorized-to-rebuild-who-governs-reconstruction-in-conflict-affected-states-in-2026/): Panel discussion
- [Economic Decision-Making Mechanisms and the Prospects for Enhancing Inclusivity](https://karamshaar.com/events/economic-decision-making-mechanisms-and-the-prospects-for-enhancing-inclusivity/): Date and Time:
- [Post-Liberation Monetary Policy in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/events/post-liberation-monetary-policy-in-syria/): Date and Time:
- [Towards Syria’s Optimal Economic Identity](https://karamshaar.com/events/616095/): Date and Time:
- [Syria’s Reconstruction Political Institutions or Pure Market Forces?](https://karamshaar.com/events/syrias-reconstruction-political-institutions-or-pure-market-forces/): Speakers:
- [The Political Economy of Syria Post-Assad](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-political-economy-of-syria-post-assad/): Agenda:
- [Syria Sanctions at a Crossroads](https://karamshaar.com/events/syria-sanctions-following-liberation/): Date and Time:Monday, October 13, 2025 | 5:30 – 7:30 PM (EDT)
- [Captagon Trade Conference IV | Damascus Edition](https://karamshaar.com/events/captagon-trade-conference-iv-damascus-edition/): For the first time, the Captagon Trade Conference was held in Damascus, following previous editions in Washington, Brussels, Paris, and New York. This year’s event provides a unique opportunity to engage Syrian and regional stakeholders on the evolving dynamics of the captagon trade, the country’s new counternarcotics posture, and emerging intersections with methamphetamine. Discussions spanned security, public health, and political frameworks to address this growing regional threat.
- [Liberalizing the Exchange Rate in Syria and Politically Sidelining the Central Bank](https://karamshaar.com/events/liberalizing-the-exchange-rate-in-syria-and-politically-sidelining-the-central-bank/): 5 May 2025
- [The Path for Inclusive, Sustainable, and Transformative Reconstruction in Lebanon and Syria](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-path-for-inclusive-sustainable-and-transformative-reconstruction-in-lebanon-and-syria/): As Lebanon and Syria navigate critical reform and reconstruction phases, it is essential to ensure that governance, financing, and economic policies promote transparency, accountability, and social justice. This session assessed gaps in governance and financing, highlighting how IMF and World Bank interventions can support, rather than undermine, inclusive recovery. It also explored the needed economic reform plans and the role that IFIs should have in fostering long-term stability, and sustainable and equitable growth. Finally, the session examined the social impact of these efforts, emphasizing the need for policies that prioritize livelihoods, social protection, equality, and community resilience.
- [Jozour – Building the Syrian Civil Society](https://karamshaar.com/events/jozour-building-the-syrian-civil-society/): In this panel discussion, Dr. Karam Shaar addressed the topic of sanctions on Syria and the challenges facing the country’s economic recovery.
- [7th Baghdad International Dialogue: “The Future of Syria – An International Perspective”](https://karamshaar.com/events/7th-baghdad-international-dialogue-the-future-of-syria-an-international-perspective/): Panel discussion 24 March 2025 Iraqi Institute for Dialogue 7th Baghdad International Dialogue: “The Future of Syria – An International Perspective”        Moderator: Karrar Anwar – Iraqi Institute for Dialogue Speakers: Hamid Al-Shatri – Head of the Iraqi National Intelligence Service Caroline Rose – Syria Specialist Foad Izadi – Faculty Member at the University of Tehran Paul Salem – Vice President, Middle East Institute Karam Shaar – New Lines Institute
- [Post-Assad Syria: Implications for the Country and the Middle East](https://karamshaar.com/events/post-assad-syria-implications-for-the-country-and-the-middle-east/): This event aimed to examine Syria’s future in a post-Assad era, focusing on the political, social, and economic challenges the country may face. It also explored the broader regional implications, not only for Syria but for the wider Middle East region.
- [Post-Assad Syria: What Future Awaits?](https://karamshaar.com/events/post-assad-syria-what-future-awaits/): This event aimed to explore Syria’s immediate and long-term prospects, focusing on both national reconstruction efforts, and the broader geopolitical dynamics surrounding the repositioning of regional actors in the country following the regime’s change.
- [The Captagon Trade, After Assad](https://karamshaar.com/events/5782/): A discussion about the Syrian regime's role in the illicit captagon industry
- [Economic Sanctions on Syria: Realities, Implications, and Mitigation Strategies](https://karamshaar.com/events/economic-sanctions-on-syria-realities-implications-and-mitigation-strategies/): Webinar 11 February 2025 Zaidoun Zoabi Economic Sanctions on Syria: Realities, Implications, and Mitigation Strategies In this session, the following questions were discussed: 1. What are the currently imposed sanctions, and what are their short- and long-term risks? 2. Is it actually possible to lift the sanctions, and how? 3. What are the roles of different societal actors (diaspora, civil society organizations, government, etc.) in this process?
- [Tour in Syria: Sessions, Discussions, and Insights on Monetary Policy and the Transition Phase](https://karamshaar.com/events/5773/): Webinar 7 February 2025 Farah Youssef Tour in Syria: Sessions, Discussions, and Insights on Monetary Policy and the Transition Phase This discussed Dr. Karam's tour in Syria, the sessions he held, the discussions and impressions of the participants, monetary policy, exchange rates, and commodity prices, fiscal and monetary policy, the public sector, and the use of the Observatory of Political and Economic Networks in the transitional phase.  
- [The Role of Youth and Civil Society Organizations in the New Syria](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-role-of-youth-and-civil-society-organizations-in-the-new-syria/): Location: Idlib – Cultural Center
- [The Reality of the Syrian Economy and the Role of Lifting Sanctions in Reconstruction](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-reality-of-the-syrian-economy-and-the-role-of-lifting-sanctions-in-reconstruction/): Panel discussion 28 January 2025 Ministry of Higher Education - Aleppo University The Reality of the Syrian Economy and the Role of Lifting Sanctions in Reconstruction Speakers: Dr. Karam Shaar Dr. Mohammad Al-Sharq Location: Aleppo – Faculty of Economics
- [Unpacking the Post-Assad Transition in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/events/unpacking-the-post-assad-transition-in-syriaunpacking-the-post-assad-transition-in-syria/): ​
- [The Political Economy of Syria and Its Implications for Reconstruction](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-political-economy-of-syria-and-its-implications-for-reconstruction/): Aleppo - National Library
- [Active Citizenship](https://karamshaar.com/events/active-citizenship/): A discussion on the political and economic priorities and challenges of Syrians, the role of active citizenship, and pathways for social recovery
- [The Role of International Organizations in Post-Conflict Recovery and the Impact of Illicit Economies on Humanitarian Efforts](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-role-of-international-organizations-in-post-conflict-recovery-and-the-impact-of-illicit-economies-on-humanitarian-efforts/): Session January 23, 2025 Sanad Youth For Development The Role of International Organizations in Post-Conflict Recovery and the Impact of Illicit Economies on Humanitarian Efforts Target Audience: United Nations employees, international organization staff, and project managers
- [Meeting Dr. Karam Shaar](https://karamshaar.com/events/meeting-dr-karam-shaar/): Youth Session January 22, 2025 Sanad Youth For Development Meeting Dr. Karam Shaar Target Audience: Syrian youth Registration form for the free event titled: 'Hear Us Out, Young People,' presented by Sanad Al-Shabab."
- [Data Analysis and Network Analysis: Exploring Relationships and Influences Among Individuals or Entities](https://karamshaar.com/events/data-analysis-and-network-analysis-exploring-relationships-and-influences-among-individuals-or-entities/): Workshop January 22, 2025 Sanad Youth For Development Data Analysis and Network Analysis: Exploring Relationships and Influences Among Individuals or Entities Target Audience: Researchers and academics Students and graduates of the Faculty of Statistics and Data Data programmers and systems analysts
- [Entrepreneurship in Unstable Environments: Building Small Businesses in Difficult Economic Conditions](https://karamshaar.com/events/entrepreneurship-in-unstable-environments-building-small-businesses-in-difficult-economic-conditions/): Workshop January 21, 2025 Sanad Youth For Development Entrepreneurship in Unstable Environments: Building Small Businesses in Difficult Economic Conditions Target Audience: Syrian Entrepreneurs
- [The Syrian Economy and Sanctions](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-syrian-economy-and-sanctions/): Webinar January 21, 2025 Sanad Youth For Development The Syrian Economy and Sanctions Target Audience: Employees from the banking sector – Damascus Chamber of Commerce
- [The Political Economy of Syria (1970–Present): Implications for Reconstruction Efforts Today](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-political-economy-of-syria-1970-present-implications-for-reconstruction-efforts-today/): Lecture January 20, 2025 Sanad Youth For Development The Political Economy of Syria (1970–Present): Implications for Reconstruction Efforts Today Target Audience: Syrian youth and activists
- [The Role of Youth in the Coming Phase: Social, Economic, and Political Dimensions](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-role-of-youth-in-the-coming-phase-social-economic-and-political-dimensions/): Webinar January 20, 2025 Sanad Youth For Development The Role of Youth in the Coming Phase: Social, Economic, and Political Dimensions Target Audience: Syrian youth
- [Captagon: Its Economic and Social Impact on Syria and the Region](https://karamshaar.com/events/captagon-its-economic-and-social-impact-on-syria-and-the-region/): Sanad Youth For Development
- [Reassessing Sanctions on Syria](https://karamshaar.com/events/reassessing-sanctions-on-syria/): A discussion on balancing accountability, recovery, and political transition
- [The Future of the U.S.’s Counter-Captagon Strategy](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-future-of-the-u-s-s-counter-captagon-strategy/): A discussion on the avenues and tools that exist for the US to help disrupt supply and demand of captagon, while promoting accountability
- [The Narcotics Crisis in the Middle East](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-narcotics-crisis-in-the-middle-east/): In the past few years, various countries in the Middle East witnessed a spike in the supply of narcotics. Over 2020-22 alone, a whopping one billion pills of the amphetamine-based drug captagon have been seized. A research project led by the Observatory of Political and Economic Networks has compiled critical data offering insights into the narcotics crisis in the Middle East and the role of the Assad regime in Syria and, to a lesser extent, Lebanon, for its perpetuation.
- [Syria after the Earthquakes](https://karamshaar.com/events/syria-after-the-earthquakes/): A series of earthquakes in the month of February have devastated the Turkey-Syria border region. As the death toll rises and millions are displaced, questions remain as to how Syrians and the global community will handle the aftermath.
- [The Troubling Reality Behind the UN’s Procurement Contracts in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-troubling-reality-behind-the-uns-procurement-contracts-in-syria/): Middle East Institute
- [The Reality and Future of Peaceful Resistance in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-reality-and-future-of-peaceful-resistance-in-syria/): the participants in the session:
- [A Region Through Time: Legacy, Trouble and Hope](https://karamshaar.com/events/a-region-through-time-legacy-trouble-and-hope/): Saïd Business School, University of Oxford
- [The Deteriorating Humanitarian Crisis in Syria: Is There an End in Sight?](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-deteriorating-humanitarian-crisis-in-syria-is-there-an-end-in-sight/): The Syrian conflict, which began in March 2011, has created one of the worst humanitarian crises of our time. Hundreds of thousands are dead and 13.5 million Syrians are now refugees or internally displaced. Up to 128,000 have been forcibly disappeared and 14,000 killed under torture. At present, 11.1 million Syrians are in need of humanitarian assistance and 80 percent live in extreme poverty without access to food, safe water, or health care services, and the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated their plight. About half of the people affected are children, who are further impacted by the lack of educational opportunities and the oppressive practices of child labor and child marriage.
- [Conflict in Syria: Protracted Stalemate, Regional Security and Catastrophic Impact](https://karamshaar.com/events/conflict-in-syria-protracted-stalemate-regional-security-and-catastrophic-impact/): In this IISS Conflict Briefing, Dr Benjamin Petrini, Emile Hokayem, Jomana Qaddour, and Dr Karam Shaar address the domestic and international dynamics of the conflict in Syria, including the current state of the conflict, its political economy foundations, and the lasting humanitarian impact.
- [10 Years Conflict in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/events/10-years-conflict-in-syria/): 10 Years Conflict in Syria - Key Lessons and Current Challenges. Perspectives from Civil Society
- [The Arab Spring 10 Years On](https://karamshaar.com/events/the-arab-spring-10-years-on/): Sahar Khamis, Sabina Henneberg, Karam Shaar, and Ibrahim Jalal join host Alistair Taylor to examine the legacy and impact of the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, and Syria ten years after the uprisings began.
- [Syria’s Developments in 2020 and Expectations for 2021](https://karamshaar.com/events/syrias-developments-in-2020-and-expectations-for-2021/): This webinar discussed the developments of the Syrian crisis in 2020 and the prospects for 2021 from the political, economic and military dimensions
- [Caesar Sanctions: The Political and Economic Effects](https://karamshaar.com/events/caesar-sanctions-the-political-and-economic-effects/): The Political and Economic Impacts and Fears of Starvation Following the Implementation of the Caesar Act Sanctions
- [Syria’s Economic Crisis](https://karamshaar.com/events/syrias-economic-crisis/): An important discussion clarifies the aspects of the economic crisis in Syria

##  Media Quotes
- [Syrians Welcome End of Sanctions, Economic Hopes Recover](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syrians-welcome-end-of-sanctions-economic-hopes-recover/)
- [What France hopes to gain from re-engaging with Syria](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/what-france-hopes-to-gain-from-re-engaging-with-syria/)
- [Syria deal gives Trump potential route to bypass Hormuz](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-deal-gives-trump-potential-route-to-bypass-hormuz/)
- [Macron’s Damascus Visit Signals French Bid For Influence In New Syria – Analysis](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/macrons-damascus-visit-signals-french-bid-for-influence-in-new-syria-analysis/)
- [Macron’s Damascus visit signals French bid for influence in new Syria, analysts say](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/macrons-damascus-visit-signals-french-bid-for-influence-in-new-syria-analysts-say/)
- [Macron is the first Western head of state to visit Syria](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/macron-is-the-first-western-head-of-state-to-visit-syria/)
- [An Italian Teenager Who Planned To Fly To Somalia To Join The Islamic State Group Jailed in UK Over Gun Attack Plot](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/an-italian-teenager-who-planned-to-fly-to-somalia-to-join-the-islamic-state-group-jailed-in-uk-over-gun-attack-plot/)
- [Submission to the IMF LIC-DSF Consultation – Views on the main reform proposals](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/submission-to-the-imf-lic-dsf-consultation-views-on-the-main-reform-proposals/)
- [President Al-Sharaa has completed the composition of the Syrian parliament – ​​experts speak of “managed inclusiveness”](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/president-al-sharaa-has-completed-the-composition-of-the-syrian-parliament-experts-speak-of-managed-inclusiveness/)
- [Returning to Syria’s Sea of Rubble](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/returning-to-syrias-sea-of-rubble/)
- [Syria’s parliament takes shape under Al-Sharaa’s managed inclusivity, analysts say](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syrias-parliament-takes-shape-under-al-sharaas-managed-inclusivity-analysts-say/)
- [Exclusive: Syria’s illicit gains committee freezes assets of 3,531 individuals and entities](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/exclusive-syrias-illicit-gains-committee-freezes-assets-of-3531-individuals-and-entities/)
- [Can Syria Become a Transit Hub?](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/can-syria-become-a-transit-hub/)
- [Syria in the shadow of the Iran war: From crisis to opportunity?](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-in-the-shadow-of-the-iran-war-from-crisis-to-opportunity-2/)
- [Syria in the shadow of the Iran war: From crisis to opportunity?](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-in-the-shadow-of-the-iran-war-from-crisis-to-opportunity/)
- [Syrian ports as a lifeline for Iraqi exports: geopolitical consequences of a new oil route](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syrian-ports-as-a-lifeline-for-iraqi-exports-geopolitical-consequences-of-a-new-oil-route/)
- [Syria “takes off” thanks to the US-Iran war, with the potential to replace the Strait of Hormuz.](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-takes-off-thanks-to-the-us-iran-war-with-the-potential-to-replace-the-strait-of-hormuz/)
- [“The Badawis” Emirate: From an Idlib Faction to an Empire Monopolizing the Levers of the Syrian State](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/the-badawis-emirate-from-an-idlib-faction-to-an-empire-monopolizing-the-levers-of-the-syrian-state/)
- [Syrian Pound Continues to Fall Despite Recovery Promises](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syrian-pound-continues-to-fall-despite-recovery-promises/)
- [Syria eyes role as regional energy hub](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-eyes-role-as-regional-energy-hub/)
- [Syria’s Pipeline Dream Meets Hard Realities](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syrias-pipeline-dream-meets-hard-realities/)
- [From Ruin to Relevance: Syria Tries to Sell Its Geography to the West](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/from-ruin-to-relevance-syria-tries-to-sell-its-geography-to-the-west/)
- [Opportunity for transformation](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/opportunity-for-transformation/)
- [Saudi Arabia pledges $1.5B aid package for Syria](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/saudi-arabia-pledges-1-5b-aid-package-for-syria/)
- [Influence Networks in Syria’s New Order: How the Badawi Family Rose to Dominate Key Economic Files](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/influence-networks-in-syrias-new-order-how-the-badawi-family-rose-to-dominate-key-economic-files/)
- [Saudi Pledge Marks Leap in Syria Funding](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/saudi-pledge-marks-leap-in-syria-funding/)
- [Syrian Border Authority Denies Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak, Says Exports Continue](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syrian-border-authority-denies-foot-and-mouth-disease-outbreak-says-exports-continue/)
- [With sanctions off, what’s keeping Syria on US terror blacklist?](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/with-sanctions-off-whats-keeping-syria-on-us-terror-blacklist/)
- [India Slams Pakistan At UN, Says ‘Heinous Acts’ No Surprise From Country Bombing Its Own People](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/india-slams-pakistan-at-un-says-heinous-acts-no-surprise-from-country-bombing-its-own-people/)
- [Syrian Finance Minister to Revoke Brokers’, Accountants’ Licenses over Corruption](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syrian-finance-minister-to-revoke-brokers-accountants-licenses-over-corruption/)
- [How Jordan, Syria are closing in on multibillion-dollar Captagon network](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/how-jordan-syria-are-closing-in-on-multibillion-dollar-captagon-network/)
- [EU lifts sanctions on Syrian security agencies, including interim MoD](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/eu-lifts-sanctions-on-syrian-security-agencies-including-interim-mod/)
- [Syria offers itself as an alternative to the blockade of the Strait of Hormuz](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-offers-itself-as-an-alternative-to-the-blockade-of-the-strait-of-hormuz/)
- [Why Syrian Sheep Exports Are Shifting to Iraq](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/why-syrian-sheep-exports-are-shifting-to-iraq/)
- [Syria Raises Import Consumption Fees 5-20%, Backdates to December 2024](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-raises-import-consumption-fees-5-20-backdates-to-december-2024/)
- [Syrians Have Been Carrying Stacks of Cash for Years. Now Visa Payments Are Back](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syrians-have-been-carrying-stacks-of-cash-for-years-now-visa-payments-are-back/)
- [With the war in Iran, Syria emerges as a new energy route.](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/with-the-war-in-iran-syria-emerges-as-a-new-energy-route/)
- [The Rwanda model: What is Syria’s strategy for economic revival?](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/the-rwanda-model-what-is-syrias-strategy-for-economic-revival/)
- [“Permitting” Protests Instead of “Notification”: A New Step Toward Entrenching Authoritarianism in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/permitting-protests-instead-of-notification-a-new-step-toward-entrenching-authoritarianism-in-syria/)
- [Strategic neutrality: How Syria is winning in the Iran war](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/strategic-neutrality-how-syria-is-winning-in-the-iran-war-2/)
- [Syria and its neutrality, the winners of the Iran-Iraq War](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-and-its-neutrality-the-winners-of-the-iran-iraq-war/)
- [Strategic Neutrality: How Syria Won the Iran War](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/strategic-neutrality-how-syria-won-the-iran-war/)
- [Syria relies on Russia’s oil despite pivot to the West](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-relies-on-russias-oil-despite-pivot-to-the-west-2/)
- [How viable is Syria as a trade route to bypass blocked Hormuz strait?](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/how-viable-is-syria-as-a-trade-route-to-bypass-blocked-hormuz-strait-2/)
- [Strategic neutrality: How Syria is winning in the Iran war](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/strategic-neutrality-how-syria-is-winning-in-the-iran-war/)
- [Syria after Assad: Russian oil flows increased by 75%](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-after-assad-russian-oil-flows-increased-by-75/)
- [Russia remains Syria’s leading oil supplier.](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/russia-remains-syrias-leading-oil-supplier/)
- [Syria relies heavily on Russia’s oil despite pivot to the West, risks backlash](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-relies-heavily-on-russias-oil-despite-pivot-to-the-west-risks-backlash/)
- [Syria relies on Russia’s oil despite pivot to the West](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/syria-relies-on-russias-oil-despite-pivot-to-the-west/)
- [Exclusive: Syria relies on Russia’s oil despite pivot to the West](https://karamshaar.com/media-quotes/exclusive-syria-relies-on-russias-oil-despite-pivot-to-the-west/)

## Syria in figures
- [Syria’s Offshore Oil and Gas Assets Shift Away from Russia](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syrias-offshore-oil-and-gas-assets-shift-away-from-russia/): Syria offshore exploration is shifting as Western and regional energy firms replace Russian operators in key Levantine Basin blocks.
- [Turkish Banks to Branch into Syria: Signaling a Paradigm Shift in Syria’s Banking Sector](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/turkish-banks-to-branch-into-syria-signaling-a-paradigm-shift-in-syrias-banking-sector/): Turkish bank branches in Syria could reshape the banking sector, expanding foreign competition, correspondent links, and investor confidence.
- [US Congress Sets Conditions for Future Security Cooperation with Syria  ](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/us-congress-sets-conditions-for-future-security-cooperation-with-syria/): 2027 NDAA Syria policy could restrict US defense funding, tying support to foreign fighter removal, SDF integration, and minority protection.
- [Different Rail Track Widths Stand in the Way of Syria’s Transit Role](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/): Convoys through Syria have revived interest in its transit role, but rail is harder: Jordan's tracks are narrower than Syria's, forcing cargo to be reloaded at the border and causing delays.
- [Fragility and the Captagon Trade in Southern Syria](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/fragility-and-the-captagon-trade-in-southern-syria/): Syria’s captagon trade has been disrupted since Assad’s fall, but fragility along the Jordanian border, economic deprivation, and dispersed local networks continue to sustain remnant activity.
- [Syria’s Overflight Revenue: A Temporary Windfall](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syrias-overflight-revenue-a-temporary-windfall/): Syria’s May overflight revenue provided modest foreign currency support, but sustaining it depends on aviation-system upgrades, ICAO alignment, and continued airline confidence.
- [Syria as a Land Transit Corridor](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-as-a-land-transit-corridor/): A Türkiye–Iraq convoy crossed Syria via Tel Abyad and al-Yaroubiya, highlighting the country’s potential as a land corridor amid insecurity in the Strait of Hormuz and Red Sea.
- [Saudi Pledge Dwarfs Past Syria Aid](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/saudi-pledge-dwarfs-past-syria-aid/): Saudi Arabia’s USD 1.5 billion pledge far exceeds past reported Syria funding, but its links to earlier financing discussions leave delivery mechanisms and new funding unclear.
- [EU–Syria Dialogue: Normalization Enters Delivery Phase](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/eu-syria-dialogue-normalization-enters-delivery-phase/): The first high-level EU–Syria political dialogue creates a more structured framework for cooperation, while testing whether normalization can translate into practical cooperation and measurable delivery.
- [ISIS in Syria Is Degraded, But Not Yet Eradicated](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/isis-in-syria-is-degraded-but-not-yet-eradicated/): ISIS attacks in Syria have fallen sharply, with near-record lows in May 2026, but remaining cells and recovery risks require sustained counterterrorism pressure and intelligence support.
- [Initial Steps by Syria’s Sovereign Fund Toward Transparency, but Much is Still Lacking](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/initial-steps-by-syrias-sovereign-fund-toward-transparency-but-much-is-still-lacking/): The Syrian Sovereign Fund has increased public visibility, but key gaps remain around formal leadership, governance structure, asset disclosure, audited accounts, and public oversight.
- [ISIS Attack Signals Risks to Syria’s Regional Connectivity](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/isis-attack-signals-risks-to-syrias-regional-connectivity/): ISIS’s June 13 attack on an Iraqi oil tanker in rural Aleppo shows how dispersed cells can disrupt Syria’s emerging regional economic links despite low attack levels.
- [Executive Consolidation and the Limits of Oversight Reform in Post-Assad Syria](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-anti-corruption-oversight-reform/): Syria’s transitional authorities have intensified anti-corruption enforcement. Does expanded oversight signal genuine accountability or a consolidation of supervisory power within the Presidency?
- [Recapitalizing Private Banks: Urgency and Policy Options](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syrian-private-banks-recapitalization-options/): With private banks holding less than 800 million USD in total equity, recapitalization is urgent. This article reviews banks’ balance sheets, examines the drivers of capital erosion, and proposes solutions.
- [Rethinking Syria’s Place in the Regional Gas Map](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/arab-gas-pipeline-syria-transit-state-or-energy-hub/): In the third article of this series, we examine Syria’s place in emerging regional gas corridors. Can it become a genuine energy hub, or will it remain a transit state shaped by external actors?
- [Syria’s Aviation in 2025: An Inhibited Recovery](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-aviation-2025-damascus-aleppo-recovery/): Syria’s aviation sector rebounded sharply in 2025 following the easing of most US sanctions. Could this extend beyond a narrow regional network? What constraints still limit international reintegration?
- [External Contribution – Controlled Pluralism: How Syria’s New Leadership Manages Sunni Islam](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/sunni-islam-in-syria-controlled-pluralism/): Syria’s new leadership has unveiled a Charter for the Unity of Islamic Discourse to promote pluralism within Sunni Islam. It will also consolidate state control over the country’s religious sphere.
- [Interview: Omar Barahmji – Chairman of the Board of Directors, Damascus Securities Exchange](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/damascus-securities-exchange-omar-barahmji-interview/): Omar Barahmji discusses legislative reform, market recovery, governance, technological modernization, and plans to deepen and integrate the Damascus Securities Exchange within regional financial systems.
- [The Revival of Syria’s Oil Pipeline Network](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/iraq-syria-oil-pipeline-2026/): With new momentum between Damascus and Baghdad, we examine the feasibility, costs, and implications of reviving the Kirkuk-Baniyas pipeline.
- [The Syrian Pound: Policy Limits and Market Pressures](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syrian-pound-exchange-rate-2026/): In 2025, the Central Bank announced the unification of official exchange rates and imposed a fixed trading margin between the official and black market rates. How did it track along in reality?
- [China’s Asset-Light Approach in Syria’s Transition](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/china-syria-investment/): China's mood toward Damascus is improving. Private trade and investment are recovering, but Beijing's security and economic calculus continue to cap cooperation.
- [US-Syria Trade Between Sanctions, Overcompliance, and Tariffs](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/us-sanctions-on-syria-trade-tariffs/): The suspension of many U.S. sanctions removed a layer of complex regulatory restrictions. However, remaining tariff and non-tariff barriers continue to keep Syrian exports commercially unviable.
- [External Contribution: Alameen Najjar, Syrian geospatial data scientist and founder of Syria From Above](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-nighttime-lights-map/): Mapping nighttime light provides a rare insight into Syria’s recovery. Analysis shows that government-controlled cities are experiencing a surge, whereas As-Suwayda stands as a glaring outlier.
- [Syria’s Economy a Year into Assad’s Downfall: The Good, the Bad, and Ugly](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-economy-after-assad-one-year/): Karam Shaar— A year on, Syria has almost certainly recovered faster than forecast. However, the overall economic direction is increasingly unclear with multiple worrying signs.
- [The Syrian Pound: A Year of Signals and Volatility](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syrian-lira-exchange-rate-2025/): In 2025, the Syrian pound moved less on economic fundamentals than on headlines. This article examines how announcements, liquidity controls, and market sentiment shaped the currency over the year.
- [The Syrian People’s Assembly 2025: Electoral Results and Representation Gaps](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syrian-peoples-assembly-2025-results-gaps/): The first post-Assad parliament was meant to signal inclusion. Our mapping of the 119 elected MPs tells a different story, clearly showing who made it in and who is absent.
- [Beyond Iran: Where Is Syria Importing Oil From?](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-oil-imports-2025-beyond-iran/): Syria is simultaneously importing and exporting crude. We investigate this paradox, including how a little‑known buyer may mask a larger company and what the supplier map means for Syria’s energy security.
- [Israel’s Expanding Military Footprint in Syria: One Year On](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/israels-buffer-zone-in-syria-incursions-bases-impact/): What began as a “buffer zone” is turning into a permanent presence. One year on, we look at how Israel’s incursions are reshaping daily life in Syria—and raising the risk of escalation.
- [The Revival of Syria’s Gas Pipeline Network](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-gas-pipeline-revival-post-assad-qatar/): After a decade of war and sabotage, gas is again flowing in through neighbouring countries, with Qatar footing the bill. Syria’s new energy map is taking shape, revealing who is powering the recovery—and gaining influence.
- [From Deflation to Uncertainty](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-economy-after-assad-inflation-returns/): Syria’s deflation is already slipping, just as the Central Bank stops publishing inflation data. Fresh WFP figures show living costs quietly rebounding, exposing how fragile the recent “stability” really was.
- [Managing Syria’s Forests Amid Environmental and Social Challenges](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-forest-crisis-environmental-transition/): With nearly a third of Syria’s tree cover gone, forests have become fire-prone front lines where poverty, conflict pressures, and climate extremes meet. Environmental loss is quickly becoming a political fault line.
- [Mapping MoUs in Syria: Shifting Investment Agendas](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-investment-gulf-turkey-new-government/): New Gulf and Turkish MoUs are reshaping Syria’s investment agenda, signaling a shift away from the conflict-era landscape dominated by coercive Russian and Iranian deals.
- [External Contribution: Julien Barnes-Dacey, Director of the Middle East & North Africa programme at the European Council on Foreign Relations](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/europe-syria-transition-strategic-divide/): Europe and Syria’s Fragile Transition Europe has backed Syria’s transition with significant support, yet Damascus increasingly treats Europeans as an afterthought. This widening strategic gap threatens a relationship central to Syria’s stability and to Europe’s core interests.
- [Interview: Mazen Darwish, President of the Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/france-assad-assets-syria-justice-system/): In an exclusive, Mazen Darwish reveals that France will transfer €32 million from Rifaat al-Assad’s seized assets to the Syrian government and reflects on the deeper structural flaws in Syria’s justice system.
- [Syria’s Post-War Economic Architecture: Centralization, Funds, and Reform](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syrian-economy-centralization-reform-2025/): A new council, two funds, and a rewired investment law—Syria’s economic infrastructure is being rebuilt at speed. But does centralization unlock delivery or hard-code cronyism into the recovery?
- [Mapping MoUs in Syria: Risk and Credibility Assessment](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-investment-mou-risk-map-2025/): Billions worth of MoUs, but who’s actually behind the signatures? Our analysis maps the 40 MoU signatories and spotlights the red flags that could sink flagship projects.
- [From Solidarity to Strategy: The Rise and Risks of Community Financing in Syria’s Reconstruction](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-community-financing-reconstruction-2025/): Grassroots campaigns raised hundreds of millions of dollars across Syria. This piece unpacks what’s real, what’s recycled, and how to turn generosity into accountable delivery.
- [From Resurgence to Retrenchment: The Evolution of ISIS After Assad’s Fall](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/isis-syria-evolution-trends-2025/): ISIS’s tempo collapsed after December, then quietly adapted in the northeast. This article dives into the data: where attacks shifted, why plots failed, and what a unified counter-strategy requires.
- [External Contribution: Diana Rayes, Program Director for the Faith and Global Health Initiative at Georgetown University’s Global Health Institute](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-public-health-post-war-2025/): The State of Public Health in Syria An examination of Syria’s post-war health recovery—rebuilding a fractured system, closing the financing gap, and restoring public trust.
- [Interview: Safwat Raslan, Director General of Syrian Development Fund](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/safwat-raslan-syrian-development-fund-interview-2025/): Mr. Raslan presents the Fund’s emerging vision as a transparent, nationally led trust mechanism—linking reconstruction with sustainable development through innovative financing tools, local participation, and partnerships with regional and international donors.
- [Turning the Tax System on Its Head: Assessing Syria’s New Fiscal Reform](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-tax-reform-2025/): Syria’s 2026 tax reform swaps a fragmented system with flat rates and high exemptions—but our assessment warns it risks deepening fiscal vulnerability despite its advantages.
- [Freezing Bank Deposits Gives Rise to a Parallel Market](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-banking-crisis-2025/): Withdrawal limits have frozen Syrians’ bank deposits, fueling a parallel market where balances are sold at steep discounts. Our analysis exposes this system and its repercussions.
- [Steps Toward Economic Recovery: Investment Memoranda of Understanding in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-economic-recovery-2025/): The first detailed mapping of Syria’s USD 25.4 billion post-Assad MoUs highlights their scale and distribution, while underscoring the risk for implementation.
- [The UXO Threat: Syria’s Hidden War Against Landmines and Explosives](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-landmines-2025/): Syria faces the world’s most severe UXO crisis, with 2025 deaths projected to nearly triple the average of the past 13 years. A national body is urgently needed to coordinate clearance with international partners.
- [External Contribution: Dr. Lorenzo Trombetta, Senior Analyst and Author on Contemporary Syrian History](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/syria-lebanon-relations-2025/): Syria and Lebanon: Borderlands as Catalysts for Development and De-escalation in the Levant Assad’s fall and Hezbollah’s weakening create a rare opening in Syria–Lebanon ties. This analysis shows how turning borderlands into economic corridors could foster stability.
- [Interview: Azzam Al-Gharib, Governor of Aleppo](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/aleppo-reconstruction-2025-interview-governor/): Governor Al-Gharib outlines his vision for Aleppo, addressing administrative transparency, financial management, reconstruction priorities, and investment strategies to balance urgent needs with long-term development.
- [Unlocking Access: Addressing Compliance Constraints in Syria’s Banking Sector](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/unlocking-access-addressing-compliance-constraints-in-syrias-banking-sector/): Sanctioned individuals in ownership structures block banks’ global reintegration; a way forward is seizing their assets, strengthening compliance and signaling reform.
- [International Oil Companies: The Return to Syria](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/international-oil-companies-the-return-to-syria/): Following sanctions relief, international oil companies are eyeing a return to Syria. However, unresolved legal claims and high political risk still cast a shadow over re-entry.
- [The Syrian Public Sector: Restructuring the State After Assad](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/the-syrian-public-sector-restructuring-the-state-after-assad/): The Interim Government is overhauling the bloated public sector through payroll audits, dismissals, and civil service reform. While promising, high costs and fragmented implementation raise concerns.
- [Opaque Appointments: Ministerial Advisors and Assistants in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/syria-in-figures/opaque-appointments-ministerial-advisors-and-assistants-in-syria/): A recent directive voided dozens of advisory appointments in Syria’s Interim Government. Our analysis shows the improvised nature of recent senior hires and their underlying power dynamics.

## 
- [Benjamin Fève](https://karamshaar.com/?p=610705): I lead the development of the monthly publication “Syria in Figures,” ensuring timely and high-quality reporting and editing. Additionally, I contribute to various research projects focused on Syria’s economy and politics. Prior to my current role, I spent three years with The Syria Report, where I gained a profound understanding of Syria’s political economy. I also collaborate with Lebanese organizations Triangle and The Badil, focusing on issues related to Lebanon.
- [Amin Qurabi](https://karamshaar.com/?p=610703): As the linchpin of the company’s day-to-day operations, I bring a unique blend of technical expertise and creative vision to fast-paced environments. I thrive on juggling multiple tasks and deadlines, ensuring everything runs smoothly. My Certified Assistant in Economics certification enhances my analytical skills, making me a valuable asset to the team.
- [Karam Shaar](https://karamshaar.com/?p=610702): I am an economist with a BA from the University of Aleppo, an MSc from the University of Putra Malaysia, and a PhD from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. I founded Karam Shaar Advisory Limited with the goal of bringing cutting-edge policy and business research to the Syrian context. Additionally, I serve as a Nonresident Senior Fellow at the New Lines Institute and the Chief Economic Consultant at the Resident Coordinator’s Office of the UN in Damascus.

## TV Interviews
- [Is the Ministry of Economy’s Wheat Price Fair to Farmers? | Syria Today](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/is-the-ministry-of-economys-wheat-price-fair-to-farmers-syria-today/)
- [On the Table: UAE-Syrian Investment Narrative](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/on-the-table-uae-syrian-investment-narrative/)
- [Al-Jazmati: Structural Issues Hinder Investment in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/molham-al-jazmati-syrian-economy-improved-but-suffers-structural-issues-hindering-investment-inflows/)
- [Labor Market Reality in Syria: Does It Meet Youth Aspirations?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/labor-market-reality-in-syria-does-it-meet-youth-aspirations/)
- [Syria’s Complicated Path To Economic Recovery](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/syrias-complicated-path-to-economic-recovery/)
- [Wages and Socio-Economic Conditions in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/wages-and-socio-economic-conditions-in-syria/)
- [The Syrian Economy: Navigating the “Poverty Trap” Amidst New Structural Shifts](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/the-syrian-economy-navigating-the-poverty-trap-amidst-new-structural-shifts/)
- [The Investment-Execution Gap](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/the-investment-execution-gap/)
- [War and Inflation Risks in the Syrian Economy](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/war-and-inflation-risks-in-the-syrian-economy/)
- [Syria’s Economy After Sanctions: Growth, Risks, and the Private Sector](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/syrias-economy-after-sanctions-growth-risks-and-the-private-sector/)
- [What Comes After the U.S. House Vote to Repeal the Caesar Act?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/what-comes-after-the-u-s-house-vote-to-repeal-the-caesar-act/)
- [Crucial Final Hours for Caesar Sanctions on Syria](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/crucial-final-hours-for-caesar-sanctions-on-syria/)
- [A Nation Reborn: Syria’s Journey Since Assad’s Fall](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/%f0%9d%97%94-%f0%9d%97%a1%f0%9d%97%ae%f0%9d%98%81%f0%9d%97%b6%f0%9d%97%bc%f0%9d%97%bb-%f0%9d%97%a5%f0%9d%97%b2%f0%9d%97%af%f0%9d%97%bc%f0%9d%97%bf%f0%9d%97%bb-%f0%9d%97%a6%f0%9d%98%86%f0%9d%97%bf/)
- [Crime Beat Conversations: Meth in the Middle East](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/crime-beat-conversations-meth-in-the-middle-east/)
- [Syria–Saudi Ties and the Promise of Investment](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/syria-saudi-ties-and-the-promise-of-investment/)
- [Why a full repeal of US sanctions is essential for Syria’s suffering to end](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/why-a-full-repeal-of-us-sanctions-is-essential-for-syrias-suffering-to-end/)
- [France early in the lead on European re-engagement with Syria](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/france-early-in-the-lead-on-european-re-engagement-with-syria/)
- [The Captagon Empire Continues Its Operations—Who Is Involved?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/the-captagon-empire-continues-its-operations-who-is-involved/)
- [Decentralization in Syria: An Opportunity for Economic Recovery or a Threat of Fragmentation?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/decentralization-in-syria-an-opportunity-for-economic-recovery-or-a-threat-of-fragmentation/)
- [Karam Shaar on the Shadow of Sanctions in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/karam-shaar-on-the-shadow-of-sanctions-in-syria/)
- [Can Syria revive its oil wealth to help rebuild the nation? | Counting the Cost](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/can-syria-revive-its-oil-wealth-to-help-rebuild-the-nation-counting-the-cost/)
- [$14 Billion: Syria Signs Memoranda of Understanding with Several International Companies](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/14-billion-syria-signs-memoranda-of-understanding-with-several-international-companies/)
- [Syria begins receiving Azerbaijani gas via Turkey… How will this impact electricity?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/syria-begins-receiving-azerbaijani-gas-via-turkey-how-will-this-impact-electricity/)
- [What Could Encourage Syrians and Inspire Confidence in an Unstable Banking System?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/what-could-encourage-syrians-and-inspire-confidence-in-an-unstable-banking-system/)
- [Banking Sanctions Hurting Syria The Most](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/banking-sanctions-hurting-syria-the-most/)
- [Trump’s Syria shift – A pivotal moment for Damascus and the Middle East?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/trumps-syria-shift-a-pivotal-moment-for-damascus-and-the-middle-east/)
- [When Can Syrians Benefit from the Lifting of Sanctions?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/when-can-syrians-benefit-from-the-lifting-of-sanctions/)
- [Syria Reengages with the International Community](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/syria-reengages-with-the-international-community/)
- [Iran’s Economic Involvement in Syria and its Implications (2011-2024)](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/irans-economic-involvement-in-syria-and-its-implications-2011-2024/)
- [Shaar: Lifting Sanctions Key to Syria’s Economic Recovery](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/shaar-lifting-sanctions-key-to-syrias-economic-recovery/)
- [The Road to Syria’s Economic Recovery](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/the-road-to-syrias-economic-recovery/)
- [Significant Financial Aid for Syria at the Donors’ Conference – How Much Is It?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/significant-financial-aid-for-syria-at-the-donors-conference-how-much-is-it/)
- [Syria violence: How powerful are fighters loyal to Bashar al-Assad?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/syria-violence-how-powerful-are-fighters-loyal-to-bashar-al-assad/)
- [The Story of the Collapse of the Syrian Economy](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/the-story-of-the-collapse-of-the-syrian-economy/)
- [National Dialogue Conference Concludes: Will It Pave the Way for a New Syria?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/national-dialogue-conference-concludes-will-it-pave-the-way-for-a-new-syria/)
- [Should Syria shift to a market economy gradually or swiftly?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/should-syria-shift-to-a-market-economy-gradually-or-swiftly/)
- [Renewed Developments in the Syrian Issue: From Damascus to Switzerland](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/renewed-developments-in-the-syrian-issue-from-damascus-to-switzerland/)
- [Syria looks to reform economically in post-Assad era](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/syria-looks-to-reform-economically-in-post-assad-era/)
- [Economist Karam Shaar: A pervasive fear of Syria obstructs the potential benefits of lifting sanctions](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/economist-karam-shaar-a-pervasive-fear-of-syria-obstructs-the-potential-benefits-of-lifting-sanctions/)
- [Balancing accountability, recovery, and political transition](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/balancing-accountability-recovery-and-political-transition/)
- [Syria’s Economy: Have Sanctions Contributed to the Fall of Assad’s Regime?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/syrias-economy-have-sanctions-contributed-to-the-fall-of-assads-regime/)
- [Free Economy, Sanctions, and Oil in the New Syria](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/free-economy-sanctions-and-oil-in-the-new-syria/)
- [What are the major obstacles in the path of reconstruction efforts in Syria?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/what-are-the-major-obstacles-in-the-path-of-reconstruction-efforts-in-syria/)
- [On the Syria Sanctions](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/on-the-syria-sanctions/)
- [The Syrian Pound and the Future of Monetary Policy](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/the-syrian-pound-and-the-future-of-monetary-policy/)
- [The Captagon Trade After Assad](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/the-captagon-trade-after-assad/)
- [Why could organizing elections take ‘as long as four years’?](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/why-could-organizing-elections-take-as-long-as-four-years/)
- [Syria’s economic situation under Assad, the Captagon trade, and their impact on political transition](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/syrias-economic-situation-under-assad-the-captagon-trade-and-their-impact-on-political-transition/)
- [How the Assads stole Syria’s riches](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/how-the-assads-stole-syrias-riches/)
- [Syria is Nowhere Near Rebuilding Economy](https://karamshaar.com/tv-interviews/syria-is-nowhere-near-rebuilding-economy/)

## Teams
- [Mulham Dalla](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/mulham-dalla/): Mulham Dalla Enhanced Due Diligence and Compliance Research Intern I am an Enhanced Due Diligence and Compliance Research Intern, where I support research and analytical work related to corporate due diligence, compliance, and risk assessment. My work includes conducting background research, analyzing corporate structures and potential risk factors, and reviewing publicly available information to support informed decision-making. I am pursuing a double major in Political Science and Economics, with a minor in Religious Studies, at Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota. My previous experience includes research, journalism, fact-checking, fundraising, grant writing, and donor cultivation. I also serve as Chief Political Science Editor of the Macalester Street Journal. Originally from Homs, Syria, I am particularly interested in political economy, governance, sanctions, and development in conflict-affected societies. My broader interests include public policy, diplomacy, and advancing evidence-based research on the Middle East.
- [Eyad Alabasy](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/eyad-alabasy/): I am a Senior Graphic Designer with over six years of experience in visual communication and brand identity development. I help organizations and teams communicate their value and message through clear, consistent, and audience-focused design. Before joining Karam Shaar Advisory, I worked on developing comprehensive visual identities for different brands and projects, from initial market research and brand positioning to final brand guidelines, including logos, typography, and pitch decks. My work focuses on branding, UI/UX design, motion design, and the integration of 3D elements into visual projects. My technical toolkit includes Figma, 3D software, and the Adobe Suite, particularly Photoshop, Illustrator, After Effects, and Premiere. Outside of design, I am a chess enthusiast.
- [Waddah Yonso](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/waddah-yonso/): I am a graphic designer focused on turning ideas and concepts into clear and coherent visual solutions. My work centers on building visual identities, developing design materials, and shaping a visual language that helps organizations and projects communicate their messages effectively and connect with their audiences. My approach combines concept and execution. I work to understand the needs of each project and translate them into practical, balanced, and adaptable designs across different platforms. I aim to produce visual outputs that are thoughtful in both form and function, while reflecting the identity of the organization they represent without unnecessary complexity. I believe successful design is not only about visual appeal, but also about clarity, consistency, and the ability of design to support communication and build a strong professional presence.
- [Esraa Fakhourji](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/esraa-fakhourji/): I support the preparation and formatting of visual and digital materials, including files, posters, covers, and social media designs. My work focuses on organizing content, refining layouts, and helping present information in a clear, structured, and visually accessible way. I began my design training in 2018, driven by a strong interest in the field, and have continued to develop my skills through practice and learning. Joining Karam Shaar Advisory marked my first professional role and an important step in turning this interest into practical experience. Motivated by a desire to keep growing and to show my children that ambition requires persistence. I continue to build my skills and contribute to useful, well-organized, and visually effective projects with the team.
- [Shadi Mouhriz](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/shadi-mouhriz/): I am a specialist in Data Science and Behavioral Artificial Intelligence, with over 18 years of experience in technical and consulting work, focusing on designing and developing integrated data solutions that enable behavioral understanding and transform data into actionable insights. I build precise analytical systems, scalable architectures, and AI-driven solutions. My work combines data analysis, intelligent model development, and modern analytics system design, with experience in building end-to-end solutions that cover the full data lifecycle from data collection and processing to analysis, modeling, and reporting. I have also developed applied frameworks such as the MBI model, which integrates data science and artificial intelligence to provide deeper insights and support decision-making. I am driven by precision, scalability, and continuous learning.
- [Alhareth Alhaj Hussein](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/alhareth-alhaj-hussein/): I am a Data Engineer and Informatics Engineering graduate from Aleppo University, specializing in building reliable data pipelines, scalable architectures, and AI-powered analytics systems. With a solid technical foundation, I focus on designing efficient data solutions that support complex analysis, automation, and informed decision-making. My work combines data engineering, cloud deployment, and modern analytics, with a core technical stack that includes Python, Docker, PostgreSQL, pgvector, and Google Cloud Platform services such as Cloud SQL and Cloud Run. I have worked on designing and implementing end-to-end data processing pipelines and automated statistical engines that clean, process, and extract meaningful insights from complex behavioral data streams. I am driven by precision, scalability, and continuous learning. I enjoy working on systems that turn raw data into practical value, and I actively seek challenges that expand my technical capabilities in data infrastructure, AI-enabled analytics, and high-performance retrieval systems.
- [Hanaa Diab](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/hanaa-diab/): I am a Data Engineer holding a Bachelor’s degree in Artificial Intelligence from Damascus University, focusing on building data-driven solutions that turn raw data into clear, practical insights. My work combines data engineering, machine learning, and analytical visualization to support forecasting, interpretation, and decision-making. My experience includes sentiment analysis using machine learning techniques, revenue forecasting through regression models, and the development of interactive dashboards that present data insights in a clear and usable way. I am interested in working across the data workflow, from preparation and analysis to modeling, visualization, and reporting. I am driven by curiosity, precision, and continuous learning. I enjoy exploring data to identify meaningful patterns and building practical tools.
- [Mustafa Qatan](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/mustafa-qatan/): I am a Software Engineer specialized in Artificial Intelligence and a graduate of Damascus University. My work focuses on understanding problems at their core and transforming them into practical, reliable digital systems that deliver real value to users.
- [Mohammed Al-Eik](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/mohammed-al-eik/): I am a Full Stack Developer based in Damascus with more than six years of professional experience in building and maintaining web applications. With a degree in Information Technology, I rely on a solid academic foundation to design reliable, scalable, and efficient digital solutions.
- [Hadeel Alsharani](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/hadeel-alsharani/): I am an Economist with over eight years of experience specializing in field auditing, regulatory compliance, and risk-based supervision. During my tenure at the Central Bank of Syria, I led banking supervision teams, developing annual oversight plans based on institutional risk profiles.
- [Abeer Asaad](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/abeer-asaad/): I am a financial expert with over fourteen years of experience in financial auditing, regulatory compliance, and banking supervision. I hold a master’s degree in Finance and Banking from the Higher Institute of Business Administration (HIBA).
- [Wael Alwani](https://karamshaar.com/team-members/wael-alwani/): I am an expert in artificial intelligence and financial crime analysis, with more than fourteen years of professional experience in Canada and the Middle East. I have worked with organizations including Deloitte and TD Bank. My work includes developing AI strategies and projects using agentic AI, generative AI, OCR, and OSINT, as well as building graph technologies, applying social network analysis, and developing machine-learning models.

## Publications
- [State-Building by Decree: Syria’s Post-Conflict Economic Governance and the Risk of Relapse](https://karamshaar.com/publications/state-building-by-decree-syrias-post-conflict-economic-governance-and-the-risk-of-relapse/): Mouayad Albonni, Konrad-Adenaur-Stiftung Lebanon Office (2026) This report examines Syria’s post-Assad economic governance, arguing that rapid executive centralization and policymaking by decree have weakened due process, transparency, and stakeholder participation. It traces how legislative delay, supra-ministerial structures, local exclusion, and limited access to data shape fiscal, investment, public-sector, and reconstruction decisions. The report warns that exclusionary economic governance can deepen grievances and undermine recovery, while outlining pathways for more inclusive decision-making, stronger oversight, transparent data, employment protections, and donor support tied to accountability.
- [Doing Business in Syria: Investor Guides](https://karamshaar.com/publications/doing-business-in-syria-investor-guides/): U.S. Department of State, Creative Associates International, and Karam Shaar Advisory (2026) The Doing Business in Syria: Investor Guides series provides practical analysis of Syria’s business environment in 2026, covering the investor journey and key sectors including oil, gas, electricity, banking, telecommunications and technology, and real estate. Funded by the U.S. Department of State and implemented by Creative Associates International in partnership with Karam Shaar Advisory Limited, the guides draw on legal, regulatory, sectoral, and operational research, as well as consultations with Syrian experts, international legal and compliance professionals, U.S. companies, and Syrian institutional counterparts.
- [Implications and policy responses for banking sector sanctions on Syria](https://karamshaar.com/publications/implications-and-policy-responses-for-banking-sector-sanctions-on-syria/): Karam Shaar Advisory, Benjamin Fève, Vittorio Maresca di Serracapriola, and Karam Shaar (July 6, 2025) The ousting of the Assad regime in December 2024 has opened a window to reassess existing sanctions. While the EU and UK have lifted most of their sanctions, the US has issued ad-hoc instruments such as General License 25 and temporary suspensions of the Caesar Act. As a result, Syria’s banking sector remains largely isolated from the global financial system. Drawing on interviews with Syrian bankers and compliance experts, this report evaluates the extent to which sanctions have contributed to the deterioration of the banking sector and explores pathways for reintegrating the country into the international financial system. It proposes a roadmap built on the enforcement of UN conventions, adherence to the Wolfsberg Group’s Transparency Principles and FATF standards, and enhanced coordination and capacity-building efforts with the IMF and the World Bank.
- [Captagon After the Fall of Assad: Transformations, Challenges, and Regional Implications](https://karamshaar.com/publications/captagon-after-the-fall-of-assad-transformations-challenges-and-regional-implications/): New Lines Institute, Karam Shaar and Roaa Obeid (June17, 2025)
- [Syria’s State Sponsor of Terrorism Designation: Implications and Pathways for Lifting](https://karamshaar.com/publications/syrias-state-sponsor-of-terrorism-designation-implications-and-pathways-for-lifting/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks, Vittorio Maresca di Serracapriola and Karam Shaar (May 2025)
- [What Should Be Done with EU Targeted Sanctions on Syria?](https://karamshaar.com/publications/what-should-be-done-with-eu-targeted-sanctions-on-syria/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks, Vittorio Maresca di Serracapriola and Karam Shaar (May 20, 2025)
- [It’s Time to End the Eu’s Assad-Era Sanctions on Syria](https://karamshaar.com/publications/its-time-to-end-the-eus-assad-era-sanctions-on-syria/): Middle East Institute, Karam Shaar (May 6, 2025)
- [Syrian Mercenaries in Ukraine](https://karamshaar.com/publications/syrian-mercenaries-in-ukraine/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks, Mohammad Orwani, and Daniel Wilkofsky (April 26, 2025)
- [Russia’s Economic Footprint in Syria and the Implications of Assad’s Downfall](https://karamshaar.com/publications/russias-economic-footprint-in-syria-and-the-implications-of-assads-downfall/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks, Karam Shaar, Mohammad Orwani, and Traci Lawrence (April 22, 2025)
- [Iran’s Economic Involvement in Syria and its Implications (2011-2024)](https://karamshaar.com/publications/irans-economic-involvement-in-syria-and-its-implications-2011-2024/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks, Karam Shaar, Dima Muhammad, and Dan Wilkofsky (April 12, 2025)
- [Syria and the FATF Gray List: Barriers to Financial Reintegration and Pathways Forward](https://karamshaar.com/publications/syria-and-the-fatf-gray-list-barriers-to-financial-reintegration-and-pathways-forward/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks, Vittorio Maresca di Serracapriola and Karam Shaar (Mar 28, 2025)
- [Assessment of European Union Syria Sanctions Exemptions and Suspensions announced in Feb 2025](https://karamshaar.com/publications/assessment-of-european-union-syria-sanctions-exemptions-and-suspensions-announced-in-feb-2025/): Benjamin Fève, Vittorio Maresca di Serracapriola, and Karam Shaar (March 17, 2025)
- [Captagon in 2024: Implications After the Fall of the Syrian Regime](https://karamshaar.com/publications/captagon-in-2024-implications-after-the-fall-of-the-syrian-regime/): New Lines Institute, Karam Shaar, Caroline Rose, and Roaa Obeid (Feb 25, 2025) The report examines how Assad’s regime weaponized captagon in 2024 to seek regional normalization, reducing supply while preserving industrial-scale production. Despite record seizures, pill volumes declined, suggesting strategic throttling. The regime avoided major lab busts, distanced itself from key traffickers, and halted large maritime smuggling. After Assad’s ouster, Syria’s caretaker government exposed regime-linked facilities and renounced the trade. The report warns of regional spillover, including rising methamphetamine production in Iraq, Kuwait, and Türkiye. It calls for US-led multilateral coordination, Mediterranean-Gulf intelligence sharing, and technical support for Syria’s new authorities in chemical profiling and harm reduction.
- [US Terrorist Listings on HTS and How They Relate to UN Designations](https://karamshaar.com/publications/us-terrorist-listings-on-hts-and-how-they-relate-to-un-designations/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks, Karam Shaar and Vittorio Maresca di Serracapriola (Feb 21, 2025)
- [Strengths and Weaknesses of General License 24 from Syria](https://karamshaar.com/publications/strengths-and-weaknesses-of-general-license-24-from-syria/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks, Karam Shaar and Benjamin Feve (Jan 10, 2025)
- [The Path to a Better Syria: A Secure Peace Will Depend on Economic Revitalization](https://karamshaar.com/publications/the-path-to-a-better-syria-a-secure-peace-will-depend-on-economic-revitalization/): Foreign Affairs, Karam Shaar and Benjamin Fève (Dec 20, 2024)
- [Networked Authoritarianism and Economic Resilience in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/publications/networked-authoritarianism-and-economic-resilience-in-syria/): Brookings Institution (Policy Brief), Karam Shaar and Steven Heydemann (Aug 26, 2024)
- [Should Maher Al-Imam Have Been Delisted from EU Sanctions?](https://karamshaar.com/publications/should-maher-al-imam-have-been-delisted-from-eu-sanctions/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks, Karam Shaar (July 5, 2024)
- [The Captagon Trade from 2015 to 2023](https://karamshaar.com/publications/the-captagon-trade-from-2015-to-2023/): Newlines Institute, Karam Shaar and Caroline Rose (May 30, 2024)
- [Syria Economic Monitor-Spring 2024](https://karamshaar.com/publications/syria-economic-monitor-spring-2024/): The World Bank, Karam Shaar (27 May 2024)
- [UN Humanitarian Operations in Syria 2021-2022: Challenges and Policy Solutions](https://karamshaar.com/publications/un-humanitarian-operations-in-syria-2021-2022-challenges-and-policy-solutions/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks, Karam Shaar, Mohamad Orwani, Noha Alkamcha, and Dima Muhammad (22 May 2024)
- [Assad’s Criminal Conglomerate: Syrian Economy Continues to Spiral Toward Collapse](https://karamshaar.com/publications/assads-criminal-conglomerate-syrian-economy-continues-to-spiral-toward-collapse/): Der Spiegel (Investigation), Karam Shaar, Christoph Reuter, Syria Sanctions Policy Program (Sep 9, 2023)
- [How a Drug Kingpin is Running Flights from Damascus to the Rest of the World](https://karamshaar.com/publications/how-a-drug-kingpin-is-running-flights-from-damascus-to-the-rest-of-the-world/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks and Omran for Strategic Studies (Special Report), Karam Shaar, Mohamad Orwani, Traci Lawrence, Baraa Khurfan, Muhsen Al-Mustafa, and Wael Al-Alwani (Sep 8, 2023)
- [No Quick Fixes for the Middle East’s Captagon Crisis](https://karamshaar.com/publications/no-quick-fixes-for-the-middle-easts-captagon-crisis/): Atlantic Council, Karam Shaar(Op-ed) (Aug 24, 2023)
- [Sky High: The Ensuing Narcotics Crisis in MENA and the Role of the Assad Regime](https://karamshaar.com/publications/sky-high-the-ensuing-narcotics-crisis-in-mena-and-the-role-of-the-assad-regime/): Observatory of Political and Economic Networks (Research Paper), Karam Shaar, Wael Alalwani, Mohammad Orwani and Dima Mohammad (Jun 14, 2023)
- [The Syrian Regime’s Captagon Endgame](https://karamshaar.com/publications/the-syrian-regimes-captagon-endgame/): Newlines Institute (Research Paper), Karam Shaar and Caroline Rose (May 24, 2023)
- [A Message to the Donors Convening in Brussels to Aid Syria’s Earthquake Recovery](https://karamshaar.com/publications/a-message-to-the-donors-convening-in-brussels-to-aid-syrias-earthquake-recovery/): Middle East Institute, Karam Shaar (Op-ed) (Mar 17, 2023)
- [Us Sanctions on Syria Aren’t Working. It’s Time for a New Sanctions Approach That Minimizes Humanitarian Suffering and Increases Leverage](https://karamshaar.com/publications/us-sanctions-on-syria-arent-working-its-time-for-a-new-sanctions-approach-that-minimizes-humanitarian-suffering-and-increases-leverage/): Atlantic Council (Op-ed), Karam Shaar and Said Dimashqi (Jan 13, 2023)
- [Syria’s Newest Mobile Operator Has a Hidden Link to Iran’s Revolutionary Guard](https://karamshaar.com/publications/syrias-newest-mobile-operator-has-a-hidden-link-to-irans-revolutionary-guard/): OCCRP (Investigation), Karam Shaar, Rana Sabbagh, Lara Dihmis, Sami Shahrour, Alexander Dziadosz and Jacob Greenwald (Dec 9, 2022)
- [What Iranian Human Rights Defenders Can Learn from Syria and Beyond](https://karamshaar.com/publications/what-iranian-human-rights-defenders-can-learn-from-syria-and-beyond/): Foreign Policy (Op-ed), Karam Shaar, Gissou Nia and Celeste Kmiotek (Nov 23, 2022)
- [UN Procurement Contracts in Syria: A “Few” Bad Apples?](https://karamshaar.com/publications/un-procurement-contracts-in-syria-a-few-bad-apples/): Syrian Legal Development Program and Observatory of Political and Economic Networks, Karam Shaar (Investigation Report) (Oct 25, 2022)
- [The Impacts of the Contemporary Drought in Syria and Its Implications for the Conflict](https://karamshaar.com/publications/the-impacts-of-the-contemporary-drought-in-syria-and-its-implications-for-the-conflict/): Operations and Policy Center (Research Paper), Karam Shaar and Nicholas Lyall (Jun 28, 2022)
- [Syrian Drug Smuggling“The Assad Regime Would Not Survive Loss of Captagon Revenues”](https://karamshaar.com/publications/syrian-drug-smugglingthe-assad-regime-would-not-survive-loss-of-captagon-revenues/): Spiegel International (Investigation), Karam Shaar, Jörg Diehl, Mohannad al-Najjar and Christoph Reuter (Jun 21, 2022)
- [Syria Using Maze of Shell Companies to Avoid Sanctions on Assad Regime’s Elite](https://karamshaar.com/publications/syria-using-maze-of-shell-companies-to-avoid-sanctions-on-assad-regimes-elite/): The Guardian (Investigation), Karam Shaar and Tessa Fox (Mar 22, 2022)
- [How Syria Fell into Irrelevance for the West](https://karamshaar.com/publications/how-syria-fell-into-irrelevance-for-the-west/): Aljumhuriya, Karam Shaar (Op-ed) (Feb 24, 2022)
- [Data Shows Nowhere in Syria is Safe for Return](https://karamshaar.com/publications/data-shows-nowhere-in-syria-is-safe-for-return/): Operations and Policy Center (OPC) and Middle East Institute (Policy Brief), Karam Shaar, Ashley Jordan and Samy Akil (Feb 22, 2022)
- [Taming Syria’s Rogue Man](https://karamshaar.com/publications/taming-syrias-rogue-man/): Carnegie Middle East - Sada, Karam Shaar (Op-ed) (Feb 15, 2022)
- [The Politics of Early Recovery Aid in Syria. Is It Actually Reconstruction Aid?](https://karamshaar.com/publications/the-politics-of-early-recovery-aid-in-syria-is-it-actually-reconstruction-aid/): Atlantic Council and Operations and Policy Center (OPC) (Policy Brief), Karam Shaar and Samy Akil (Feb 7, 2022)
- [Zombie Diplomacy and the Fate of Syria’s Constitutional Committee](https://karamshaar.com/publications/zombie-diplomacy-and-the-fate-of-syrias-constitutional-committee/): Brookings Institution (op-ed), Karam Shaar and Steven Heydemann (Jan 24, 2022)
- [Three Signs of Impending Famine in Syria Absent Immediate Action](https://karamshaar.com/publications/three-signs-of-impending-famine-in-syria-absent-immediate-action/): Operations and Policy Center (OPC) (Policy Brief), Karam Shaar and Nicholas Lyall (Dec 10, 2021)
- [How the Assad Regime Systematically Diverts Tens of Millions in Aid](https://karamshaar.com/publications/how-the-assad-regime-systematically-diverts-tens-of-millions-in-aid/): Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) (Research Paper), Karam Shaar, Munqeth Othman Agha and Natasha Hall (Oct 20, 2021)
- [Syria’s Electricity Sector After a Decade of War: A Comprehensive Assessment](https://karamshaar.com/publications/syrias-electricity-sector-after-a-decade-of-war-a-comprehensive-assessment/): (Academic publication), with Sinan Hatahet (Aug 24, 2021)
- [A Comprehensive Review of the Effectiveness of US and EU Sanctions on Syria](https://karamshaar.com/publications/a-comprehensive-review-of-the-effectiveness-of-us-and-eu-sanctions-on-syria/): (Policy Paper), Karam Shaar and Wael al-Alwani (Aug 5, 2021)
- [Living in Damascus After a Decade of War: Employment, Income, and Consumption](https://karamshaar.com/publications/living-in-damascus-after-a-decade-of-war-employment-income-and-consumption/): Operations and Policy Center (Research Paper), Karam Shaar and Orwa Khalifa (Jun 22, 2021)
- [The Economics of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham](https://karamshaar.com/publications/the-economics-of-hayat-tahrir-al-sham/): The Economics of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, Karam Shaar (Jun 18, 2021)
- [Assad Won’t Budge and Here’s Why](https://karamshaar.com/publications/assad-wont-budge-and-heres-why/): Middle East Institute, Karam Shaar (Op-ed) (Jun 10, 2021)
- [The Red Dragon in the Land of Jasmine: An Overview of China’s Role in the Syrian Conflict](https://karamshaar.com/publications/the-red-dragon-in-the-land-of-jasmine-an-overview-of-chinas-role-in-the-syrian-conflict/): Operations and Policy Center (Policy Paper), Karam Shaar and Samy Akil (Mar 24, 2021)
- [The Kin Who Count: Mapping Raqqa’s Tribal Topology](https://karamshaar.com/publications/the-kin-who-count-mapping-raqqas-tribal-topology/): Middle East Institute and Operations and Policy Center (joint publication) (Research Tool), Karam Shaar, Haian Dukhan and Ammar al-Hamad (24 Mar 2021)
- [Inside Syria’s Clapping Chamber: Dynamics of the 2020 Parliamentary Elections](https://karamshaar.com/publications/inside-syrias-clapping-chamber-dynamics-of-the-2020-parliamentary-elections/): Middle East Institute (Research Tool), Karam Shaar and Samy Akil (Jan 14, 2021)
- [Syria’s Constitutional Committee: The Devil in the Detail](https://karamshaar.com/publications/syrias-constitutional-committee-the-devil-in-the-detail/): Middle East Institute (Research Tool), Karam Shaar and Ayman Dasouki (Jan 6, 2021)

## Research Tools
- [Official and black market exchange rates in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/official-and-black-market-exchange-rates-in-syria/)
- [Israeli Activity in Southern Syria: A Snapshot of Key Events](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/israeli-activity-in-southern-syria/):  
- [Land Cover Tracking Tool in Syria](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/land-cover-tracking-tool-in-syria/)
- [Syrian Parliament 2025 Dashboard](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/syrian-parliament-2025-dashboard/): A filterable interactive visualization by Karam Shaar Advisory that maps every member of Syria’s 2025 People’s Assembly by gender, age, governorate, education, religion, and prior roles.
- [ISIS Attacks Dashboard](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/isis-attacks-dashboard/): A filterable geospatial visualization by Karam Shaar Advisory that visualizes ISIS attack patterns, targets, and casualties across Syria.
- [UXO Incident Visualization](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/uxo-incident-visualization/): Heatmap of UXO casualties, Dec 2024–Sep 2025
- [Interactive Tool for the Syrian Interim Government](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/syrian-interim-government/): This tool provides up-to-date information on the composition of Syrian interim government. It offers detailed, filterable data on ministers’ gender, governorate of origin, educational background and country of study, current country of residence, religion, sect, ethnicity, military affiliation, and past or current links to both the Salvation Government and the Caretaker Government. It is designed to facilitate rigorous analysis of representational dynamics and institutional continuity during Syria’s political transition.
- [Top 100 Syrian Private and Public-Private Suppliers to Various UN Agencies in 2021 and 2022](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/top-100-syrian-private-and-public-private-suppliers-to-various-un-agencies-in-2021-and-2022/): This tool maps the top 100 private and public-private Syrian suppliers to various United Nations agencies in 2021-2022. Each supplier is classified into one human rights-related risk level following the criteria outlined in this report. Circle sizes denote the value of procurement funding received from the UN. Double-click each supplier to see its information, or use the search function to look up a specific supplier.
- [UN Procurement Contracts in Syria: Top 100 Syrian Private and Public-Private Suppliers to Various UN Agencies in 2019 and 2020](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/un-procurement-contracts-in-syria-top-100-syrian-private-and-public-private-suppliers-to-various-un-agencies-in-2019-and-2020/): 
- [Visualizing New Zealand’s Budgets (2018-2023)](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/visualizing-new-zealands-budgets-2018-2023/): Every year, the New Zealand Treasury publishes data on the last six national budgets, in two Excel files containing over 7,000 entries. The sheer amount of data makes it very difficult to assess the composition of revenues and expenditures and how they changed over time. This interactive tool allows you to plot New Zealand's budgets as you please: by year, the type of spending or revenue, the portfolio, the department in charge, and more. You can download the data underlying each figure you build, in an Excel format using the download button below.
- [Visualizing UN Procurements from Syria (2015-2020)](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/visualizing-un-procurements-from-syria-2015-2020/): United Nations agencies procure many commodities and services from Syria to support their aid operations in the country. In 2020, for example, $245 million was spent on procurement, which constitutes nearly 10% of the UN’s overall spending in Syria. In this research tool, we illustrate the data in an interactive dashboard, enabling those interested to make better sense of it.
- [Visualizing Syria’s 2020, 2021, and 2022 Budgets](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/visualizing-syrias-2020-2021-and-2022-budgets/): OPC has obtained a line-by-line breakdown of the 2020, 2021, 2022 budgets. To make a more digestible and useful research tool, OPC has visualized the data in an interactive dashboard.
- [UN exchange rate gap tracker](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/un-exchange-rate-gap-tracker/): Research Tool — Dr. Karm Shaar (Last updated: 5/1/2026)
- [Interactive Dashboard of Individuals Targeted by US and EU Syria Sanctions](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/interactive-dashboard-of-individuals-targeted-by-us-and-eu-syria-sanctions/): This interactive research tool summarizes everything you need to know about individuals targeted by US and EU sanctions on Syria programs. It makes it easier to find the official information relating to each individual, such as the reason for targeting, age, and country of birth. We have added other variables useful for analytical purposes, such as association with the army or security apparatus, ethnicity, religion, occupation, and country of residence.
- [Visualizing Syria’s Merchandise Trade 2010-2019](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/visualizing-syrias-merchandise-trade-2010-2019/): Every year, the Syrian Government releases merchandise trade data broken down, destination or country of origin, value, quantity, and commodity type, making it a valuable resource for a nalysts. This research tool pulls the scattered data together for easier access.
- [The Kin Who Count: Mapping Raqqa’s Tribal Topology](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/the-kin-who-count-mapping-raqqas-tribal-topology/): Dr Karam Shaar, Haian Dukhan and Ammar al-Hamad
- [North-West Syria: Potential Scenarios](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/north-west-syria-potential-scenarios/): ​Despite the Russian and Turkish de-escalation and ceasefire agreements, the Assad regime continues to attack NW Syria, especially areas to the south of the M4. Here we map out potential military conflict scenarios for the near-term future of NW Syria, in light of the volatile Turkish-Russian dynamics.
- [Inside Syria’s Clapping Chamber: Dynamics of the 2020 Parliamentary Elections](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/inside-syrias-clapping-chamber-dynamics-of-the-2020-parliamentary-elections/): This report discusses the results of the 2020 Syrian parliamentary elections to illuminate shifts in the al-Assad regime’s strategy to restore and maintain control over the country. Using evidence gathered from a range of sources, it sheds light on recent changes in the ethnic, religious, political, commercial, and military networks through which Syria’s dictatorship is sustained, and the future directions these shifts imply. The report’s key findings are as follows:
- [Syria’s Constitutional Committee: The Devil in the Detail](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/syria-constitutional-committee/): Independent Research, Dr Karam Shaar, 24 Apr 2020 Every couple of months, you hear a new story about someone from the al-Assad clan – good luck telling who’s who. Many of the influential Assads do not have even a photo online. The Assads’ secrecy and the public interest in them provide the perfect recipe for rumors and half-truths. This article presents numerous examples of incorrect information about the Assads in local and Western media, including from the EU, Le Monde, and Pro Justice. ​The lack of knowledge about the family members and their roles in the regime is reflected in the names sanctioned by the US and the EU. Some influential players are not sanctioned, while marginal players are. In an attempt to shed more light on the better-known Assad kinships and their roles in the regime, Dr Karam Shaar built an interactive family tree.
- [Syria’s Heads of State over the past Century: An Interactive Research Tool](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/syrias-heads-of-state-over-the-past-century-an-interactive-research-tool/): Dr Karam Shaar and Samy Akil                                  
- [Syrians on the Move](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/syrians-on-the-move/): In 2010, only 0.9 million people were classified as Syrian migrants by host countries, constituting 4% of the total number of Syrians. 
- [Bashar al-Assad: A Man With a Clan](https://karamshaar.com/research_tools/bashar-al-assad-a-man-with-a-clan/): Hover and click over the blue circles in the interactive family tree below

## Arabic Media Quotes
- [ترامب يراهن على سوريا لتقليص نفوذ إيران.. هل تصبح بديلاً عن مضيق هرمز؟](https://karamshaar.com/arabic_media_quotes/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B5-%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B0-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7/)
- [سوريا تمنح ترامب وسيلة لتجاوز مضيق هرمز – مقال في التليغراف](https://karamshaar.com/arabic_media_quotes/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85/)
- [هل تكون سوريا بوابة جديدة لتصدير نفط الخليج بعيدًا عن مضيق هرمز؟](https://karamshaar.com/arabic_media_quotes/%D9%87%D9%84-%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84/)
- [زوار “سيربترو 2026” لـ سانا: المعرض يفتح آفاقاً للاستثمار ويعزز خبرات الشباب](https://karamshaar.com/arabic_media_quotes/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88-2026-%D9%84%D9%80-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%A2/)
- [من السياسة النقدية إلى الإنتاج.. لماذا يتغير سعر صرف الليرة السورية؟](https://karamshaar.com/arabic_media_quotes/%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D9%8A/)
- [معرض سيربترو 2026: ماذا تعني مشاركة شركات من 24 دولة لقطاع الطاقة السوري؟](https://karamshaar.com/arabic_media_quotes/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88-2026-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85/)
- [استمرار الغلاء وتقلبات الليرة يضعان الاقتصاد السوري أمام تحديات متزايدة](https://karamshaar.com/arabic_media_quotes/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7/)
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